INFO KNOWLEDGE


Data merupakan suatu nilai yang bisa dinyatakan dalam bentuk konstanta atau variabel. Konstanta menyatakan nilai yang tetap, sedangkan variabel menyatakan nilai yang dapat diubah-ubah selama eksekusi berlangsung,

Data berdasarkan jenisnya dapat dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yang dinamakan sebagai tipe data dasar. Kelima tipe data dasar adalah:

  • Bilangan bulat (integer)
  • Bilangan real presisi-tunggal
  • Bilangan real presisi-ganda
  • Karakter
  • Tak-bertipe (void), keterangan lebih lanjut tentang void dijelaskan dalam Bab V.


Kata-kunci yang berkaitan dengan tipe data dasar secara berurutan di antaranya adalah int (short int, long int, signed int dan unsigned int), float, double, dan char.

Tabel 2-1 memberikan informasi mengenai ukuran memori yang diperlukan dan kawasan dari masing-masing tipe data dasar.

Tabel 2-1. Ukuran memori untuk tipe data

Tipe          Total bit                Kawasan                                   Keterangan

char                8             -128 s/d 127                                karakter

int                32             -2147483648 s/d 2147483647    bilangan integer

float              32             1.7E-38 s/d 3.4E+38                    bilangan real presisi-tunggal

double          64             2.2E-308 s/d 1.7E+308                bilangan real presisi-ganda

Untuk tipe data short int, long int, signed int dan unsigned int, maka ukuran memori yang diperlukan serta kawasan dari masint-masing tipe data adalah sebagai berikut :

Tipe                Total bit                Kawasan                                   Keterangan

 

short int            16             -32768 s/d 32767                             short integer

long int              32            -2147483648 s/d 2147483647       long integer

signed int          32            -2147483648 s/d 2147483647       biasa disingkat dengan int 

unsigned int     32            0 s/d 4294967295                            bilangan int tak bertanda         

Catatan :

§  Ukuran dan kawasan dari masing-masing tipe data adalah bergantung pada jenis mesin yang digunakan (misalnya mesin 16 bit bisa jadi memberikan hasil berbeda dengan mesin 32 bit).

2.2  Variabel

2.2.1 Aturan Pendefinisan Variabel

Aturan penulisan pengenal untuk sebuah variabel, konstanta atau fungsi yang didefinisikan oleh pemrogram adalah sebagai berikut :

§  Pengenal harus diawali dengan huruf (A..Z, a..z) atau karakter garis bawah ( _ ).

§  Selanjutnya dapat berupa huruf, digit (0..9) atau karakter garis bawah atau tanda dollar ($).

§  Panjang pengenal boleh lebih dari 31 karakter, tetapi hanya 31 karakter pertama yang akan dianggap berarti.

§  Pengenal tidak boleh menggunakan nama yang tergolong sebagai kata-kata cadangan (reserved words) seperti int, if, while dan sebagainya.

2.2.2 Mendeklarasikan Variabel

Variabel digunakan dalam program untuk menyimpan suatu nilai, dan nilai yang ada padanya dapat diubah-ubah selama eksekusi program berlangsung. Variabel yang akan digunakan dalam program haruslah dideklarasikan terlebih dahulu. Pengertian deklarasi di sini berarti memesan memori dan menentukan jenis data yang bisa disimpan di dalamnya.

 

Bentuk umum deklarasi variabel:

tipe daftar-variabel;

 

Pada pendeklarasian varibel, daftar-variabel dapat berupa sebuah variabel atau beberapa variabel yang dipisahkan dengan koma. Contoh:

     int var_bulat1;

     float var_pecahan1, var_pecahan2;

 

 

2.2.3 Memberikan Nilai ke Variabel

Untuk memberikan nilai ke variabel yang telah dideklarasikan, maka bentuk umum pernyataan yang digunakan adalah :

nama_variabel = nilai;

 

 

Contoh:

     int var_bulat = 10;

     double var_pecahan = 10.5;

 

 

2.2.4 Inisialisasi Variabel

Adakalanya dalam penulisan program, setelah dideklarasikan, variabel langsung diberi nilai awal. Sebagai contoh yaitu variabel nilai :

 

            int nilai;

nilai = 10;

 

Dua  pernyataan di atas sebenarnya dapat disingkat melalui pendeklarasian yang disertai penugasan nilai, sebagai berikut :

 

            int nilai= 10;

 

Cara seperti ini banyak dipakai dalam program C, di samping menghemat penulisan pernyataan, juga lebih memberikan kejelasan, khususnya untuk variabel yang perlu diberi nilai awal (diinisialisasi).

 

2.3 Konstanta

            Konstanta menyatakan nilai yang tetap. Berbeda dengan variabel, suatu konstanta tidak dideklarasikan. Namun seperti halnya variabel, konstanta juga memiliki tipe. Penulisan konstanta mempunyai aturan tersendiri, sesuai dengan tipe masing-masing.

§  Konstanta karakter misalnya ditulis dengan diawali dan diakhiri dengan tanda petik tunggal, contohnya : ‘A’ dan ‘@’.

§  Konstanta integer ditulis dengan tanda mengandung pemisah ribuan dan tak mengandung bagian pecahan, contohnya : –1 dan 32767.

§  Konstanta real (float dan double) bisa mengandung pecahan (dengan tanda berupa titik) dan nilainya bisa ditulis dalam bentuk eksponensial (menggunakan tanda e), contohnya : 27.5f (untuk tipe float) atau 27.5 (untuk tipe double) dan 2.1e+5 (maksudnya 2,1 x 105 ).

§  Konstanta string merupakan deretan karakter yang diawali dan diakhiri dengan tanda petik-ganda (), contohnya :“Pemrograman Dasar C”.

 

 

2.4 Operator

            Operator merupakan simbol atau karakter yang biasa dilibatkan dalam program untuk melakukan sesuatu operasi atau manipulasi, seperti menjumlahkan dua buah nilai, memberikan nilai ke suatu variabel, membandingkan kesamaan dua buah nilai.  Sebagian operator C tergolong sebagai operator binary, yaitu operator yang dikenakan terhadap dua buah nilai (operand). Contoh :

            a + b

 

Simbol + merupakan operator untuk melakukan operasi penjumlahan dari kedua operand-nya (yaitu a dan b). Karena operator penjumlahan melibatkan dua operator ini tergolong sebagai operator binary.

 

            -c

 

Simbol (minus) juga merupakan operator. Simbol ini termasuk sebagai operator unary, yaitu operator yang hanya memiliki sebuah operand (yaitu c pada contoh ini).

 

 

2.4.1. Operator Aritmatika

§  Operator untuk operasi aritmatika yang tergolong sebagai operator binary adalah :

*          perkalian

/          pembagian

%          sisa pembagian

+          penjumlahan

          pengurangan

§  Adapun operator yang tergolong sebagai operator unary.

                     tanda minus

            +          tanda plus

            Contoh pemakaian operator aritmatika misalnya untuk memperoleh nilai diskriminan dari suatu persamaan kuadrat :  D = b2 – 4ac

 

/* File program : diskrim.c

 Menghitung diskriminan pers kuadrat  ax^2 + bx + c = 0 */

# include <stdio.h>

 

main()

{

    float a,b,c,d;

    a = 3.0f;

    b = 4.0f;

    c = 7.0f;

 

    d = b*b-4*a*c;

    printf(“Diskriminan =%f\n”,d);

}

 

 

Contoh eksekusi :

 

Diskriminan = -84.000000

Operator yang telah dituliskan di atas, yang perlu diberi penjelasan lebih lanjut adalah operator sisa pembagian. Beberapa contoh berikut kiranya akan memperjelas makna dari operator ini .

·         Sisa pembagian bilangan 7 dengan 2 adalah 1 (7 % 2 à 1)

·         Sisa pembagian bilangan 6 dengan 2 adalah 0 (6 % 2 à 0)

·         Sisa pembagian bilangan 8 dengan 3 adalah 1 (8 % 3 à 2)

Kegunaan operator ini diantaranya bisa dipakai untuk menentukan suatu bilangan bulat termasuk ganjil atau genap, berdasarkan logika : “Jika bilangan habis dibagi dua (sisanya nol), bilangan termasuk genap. Sebaliknya, termasuk ganjil”.

2.4.2. Operator Penurunan dan Penaikan

            Masih berkaitan dengan operasi aritmatika, C menyediakan operator yang disebut sebagai operator penaikan dan operator penurunan, yaitu :

++    operator penaikan

 operator penurunan

Operator penaikan digunakan untuk menaikkan nilai variabel sebesar satu. Penempatan operator terhadap variabel dapat dilakukan di muka atau di belakangnya, contohnya :

 

     x = x+1;

     y = y+1;

Bisa ditulis menjadi :

     ++x;

     –y;

atau :

 

            x++;

     y–;

 

bergantung pada kondisi yang dibutuhkan oleh pemrogram.  Di bawah ini adalah contoh yang akan menunjukkan perbedaan pemakaian dan hasil dari ++x dengan x++ (atau pemakaian y– dengan –-y).

/* File program : pre_post.c
Contoh penggunaan pre & post Increment operator */
 
#include <stdio.h>
 
main()
{
    int count = 0, loop;
    
    loop = ++count;  /* count=count+1; loop=count; */
    printf("loop = %d, count = %d\n", loop, count);
    
    loop = count++;  /* loop=count; count=count+1; */
    printf("loop = %d, count = %d\n", loop, count);
}
 
 
Contoh eksekusi :
 
loop = 1, count = 1
loop = 1, count = 2

2.4.3. Prioritas Operator Aritmatika

            Tabel di bawah ini  memberikan penjelasan mengenai prioritas dari masing-masing operator. Operator yang mempunyai prioritas tinggi akan diutamakan dalam hal pengerjaan dibandingkan dengan operator yang memiliki prioritas lebih rendah.

 

Normal
0

false
false
false

EN-US
X-NONE
X-NONE

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:”Table Normal”;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:””;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,”serif”;}

Prioritas                                           Operator                                                  urutan pengerjaan

Tertinggi                ( )                                       dari kiri ke kanan

!     ++    —    +    –                  dari kanan ke kiri *)

*     /     %                             dari kiri ke kanan

+     –                                   dari kiri ke kanan *)

Terendah              =     +=    -=    *=    /=    %=          dari kanan ke kiri

*)   Bentuk unary + dan unary memiliki prioritas yang lebih tinggi daripada bentuk binary + dan binary

 

Untuk tipe data short int, long int, signed int dan unsigned int, maka ukuran memori yang diperlukan serta kawasan dari masint-masing tipe data adalah sebagai berikut :

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